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Georges
Heurtebize
Marriage and mourning in
the extreme-south of Madagascar
Editions L'Harmattan
Collection
repères pour Madagascar et l'Océan Indien
(foreign editions?)
Amongst
the regions of Madagascar I came to visit, the Androy - country of the
spines - is undoubtedly the one which fascinated me the most. We only
spent there 5 short days, most of the time jolted on
battered tracks. Driving at top speed on 100 meters
and slowing down abruptly, to get round an big hole.
Or a tortoise, the carapace smashed by an clumsy driver. Tracks traced
like fine veins in vast areas of dry shrubs, which look like dead but
just wait for rains to come back to life. From time to time we drove
past a several hundred years old baobab tree. And, here and
then, green spots of forests sheltering the sprawling villages
of Androy. Away from main roads and urban centers, the living
conditions seem hard and mysterious. Where do the inhabitants get their
water from? What do they cultivate? During our few encounters, we
observe as much as we are observed.
We just passed, leaving those questions behind us. George Heurtebize
staid. Arrived in Madagascar in 1957 to work as a geologist, he settled
down in Androy in 1966. Walking with his camping material and rice
supplies, he chose the village of Analamahery to stay, for it was
cleaner than others and located within a beautiful forest. And because
he received here a warmhearted welcome. As he intended to pitch its
tent aside, someone cleaned a house for him. And Tokoembelo, who will
quickly become his friend, told him he could stay here days, months if
he wanted. Later, even when he had to return to France for his work, he
always came back and finally settle there for good.
In his diary, he writes all incidents of his everyday life. The
present book gathers passages concerning two major
circumstances of the social life, marriage and death. I propose to
present here some aspects of the Androy culture, as described by the
Author.
The rest of this page is currently
under translation
climatic
difficulties
Whereas the east coast, even till Fort-Dauphin,
experience heavy rainfall and is covered with a luxuriant vegetation, the Androy is an arid country.
Rain falls only a few months in the year, making the rivers grow and crops like corn and manioc possible again.
The dry months which follow make it necessary to build up stocks, and walk several kilometers to the bed
of a river to find water in a hole dug in sand. The ox herds are taken northward. At the time of severe droughts,
when nothing is left to feed the cattle, segments of cactus are burnt in order to remove their spines
and make them edible.
marriages
- establishment of the marital bonds and separation
The marriage must
initially be the subject of requests, of the father of the boy to the
father of the girl, then of the son-in-law his future father-in-law
has. Requests what accompanies by the gifts of animals, usually of the
goats, each one of these gifts bearing a particular name. The ceremony
of the marriage is not in oneself not a great business. It gathers only
the close family and passes often unperceived from the other
inhabitants of the village. The marriages are done and are demolished
easily, without clashes. Thus, a man can return his wife in his parents
without there being had neither argument nor demonstration of
animosity. The returned woman will be able remarier then. A man can
moreover take several wives.
the
role of the animals
The animals, mainly
chickens, goats and oxen (zebus), have a very significant place in the
company androy. They are naturally high for their meat. But they are
also found within multiple exchanges, between individuals or families,
and sacrificed at the time of various ceremonies. Thus, a lover taken
in obvious offence of adultery will have it to give an ox to the
husband to repair his fault. Consequently the fault will be forgotten
and all will return in the order. The funerary ceremonies are the
occasion large gatherings and multiple exchanges of animals. The people
coming to assist has a burial make gifts of animals indeed has the
family close to late according to their family tie. The oxen sacrificed
for the construction of the tomb, on which the horns will be laid out,
are appeles fandofo and are taboos for the members of the close family.
Those will not be able to consume the meat of it, has the reverse of
oxen said famaha, killed to nourish the assembly. Animals can still be
sacrificed following a ceremony divinatoire, to ensure themselves of
good harvests or to avoid has the lightning to strike houses and
animals.
features
of character of Androy
The androy make watch
of a certain indifference has the regard of the things and of people,
who appear in their loathing has to deliver proper names. Thus, one
will speak somebody by using about periphrases the such "woman of",
"the son of", and one will say to come "from north", or "the west of
such river". Source of confusion, the people as much as the villages
are sometimes designated under several names. One still indicates a
locality by the day or the market, or the name of the close river is
held to with it. The contact with a foreigner is not therefore cold,
but direct and cordial. Another source of astonishment for the
Westerner is the atmosphere of joy which reigns at the time of a
burial. Only the close family expresses a real sadness, in particular
the women who must make hear ritual lamentations. For youth these
meetings are festivals, and no one does not hide to laugh and joke. The
author gives several explanations to this behavior: "the conviction
that death does not involve an absolute separation" of the world of
alive, the late fascinating one places among the ancestors becomes thus
the object of their solicitude. "acceptance, of what being in the order
of the things, does not have has to be disputed". Still: "the feeling
that the scrupulous observance of the forms, details ritual, is enough
has to express adhesion with mourning fully".
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